粤港澳大湾区飞机LTO污染排放因子及排放清单

针对2018~2019航季年粤港澳大湾区机场群,通过实际滑行时间修正和大气混合层高度对爬升/进近时间的修正,获得飞机主发动机排放因子和区内机场加权排放因子,同时考虑飞机辅助动力装置的排放,建立了区内飞机起飞着陆（LTO）污染排放清单.结果表明,区域内各机场污染物排放因子存在较大差异,主要来源于实际运行时间的修正以及各个机场不同的机型占比,其中NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂、PM 5类污染物的加权排放因子区内均值分别为17.58,8.60,0.79,1.37,0.15kg.排放量分别为15327.4,8066.7,728.4,1186.1,121.9t,绝大部分来自飞机主发动机排放.研究期内,NO_x排放量在年内呈现夏秋季高、冬春季低的变化趋势,其他污染物排放量变化较为平缓.所有污染物在各机场排放量的次序较为一致,香港、广州白云分列前两位.各机型中,区内NO_x及SO₂主要来自A320排放,所占比例分别为19.5%、17.1%;CO及HC排放占比最大的机型均为A321,分别为25.4%、27.2%;PM排放量占比最大的机型是B738,约为23.1%.     

渤海湾天津段潮间带沉积物柱状样重金属污染特征

2003-11采集了渤海湾天津段北至大沽口,南到岐口海域潮间带3个沉积物柱状样,对沉积物的粒度、有机质、重金属含量进行分析,对渤海湾潮间带沉积物柱状样的地化性质、重金属污染概况以及重金属的空间、垂向分布特点进行了研究.渤海湾潮间带沉积物由北至南逐渐变细,大沽口和独流减河口海域的沉积物主要是极细砂-粉砂-细砂组成,岐口海域潮间带沉积物主要组分是粉砂和极细砂.3个柱状样的垂向粒度分布趋势表明渤海湾潮间带沉积物自下向上有“粗化”的趋势.Fe、Al、Mn3种元素的空间分布与沉积物的粒径呈显著的负相关性,即Fe、Al、Mn含量主要分布在粒度较细的沉积物中.渤海湾潮间带主要重金属污染元素是Pb、Zn、Cd 3种.通过归一化研究,这3类重金属元素在沉积物中有很明显的人为污染痕迹,含量远远高于其相应的环境背景值.     

Heavy metal pollution in tidal zones of Bohai Bay using the dated sediment cores

Three sediment cores were collected in November 2003 from Dagu estuary to Qikou estuary. The main polluted heavy metals in the sediment of tidal zones for the Bohai Bay have been found by analyzing the relationship among the contents of heavy metals, the contents of geochemical elements （Fe, AI and Mn） and the size of grain. The dominating contaminative elements in tidal sediments of Bohai Bay are Pb, Zn and Cd. Their contents are higher than the corresponding upper limit of environmental background values and they have very faint correlation with the corresponding contents of geochemical elements and the size of grain, indicating the anthropogenic enrichment. Especially, the preliminary study on the pollution sources and the history of heavy metals in the Dagu estuary has been done using the dated results. The contamination by Zn and Cd also started in the middle 1950s, while the contamination by Pb appeared in the early 1940s. The pollution by Zn and Cd mainly originate from sewage discharge, while the pollution by Pb has many sources, like atmosphere deposition and industrial discharRe.     

青岛近海PCDD/Fs的沉积通量、毒性当量及来源

用高分辨率气相色谱-质谱方法对青岛胶州湾内外表层沉积物、柱状岩心及贻贝样品中的17种毒性多氯代二苯并二 /呋喃(PCDD/Fs)进行了分析和讨论.表层沉积物的SP_4-8CDD/Fs含量范围在11.6～369pg/g dw,主要以P_4-8CDFs为主.S2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs含量范围4.1～232.4pg/g dw.在环流作用下沉积物中形成了明显的东-西分布格局.除河口处外,PCDD/F同系物分布基本上相同,即低氯代PCDD/Fs占主导.SP_4-8CDD/Fs沉积通量从1951年起逐渐增大,STEQ沉积通量从1980年显著增大.青岛近海PCDD/Fs的来源相对恒定,推测为城市污水污泥和大气沉降.贝肉中S2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs为2.9～5.1pg/g dw. TEQ的主要来源为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF(35%)、2,3,7,8-TCDF(30%)、2,3,7,8,-TCDD(30%).     

Restoring coastal wetlands that were ditched for mosquito control: A preliminary assessment of hydro-leveling as a restoration technique

The wetlands surrounding Tampa Bay, Florida were extensively ditched for mosquito control in the 1950s. Spoil from ditch construction was placed adjacent to the wetlands ditches creating mound-like features (spoil-mounds). These mounds represent a loss of 14% of the wetland area in Tampa Bay. Spoil mounds interfere with tidal flow and are locations for non-native plants to colonize (e.g., Schinus terebinthifolius). Removal of the spoil mounds to eliminate exotic plants, restore native vegetation, and re-establish natural hydrology is a restoration priority for environmental managers. Hydro-leveling, a new technique, was tested in a mangrove forest restoration project in 2004. Hydro-leveling uses a high pressure stream of water to wash sediment from the spoil mound into the adjacent wetland and ditch. To assess the effectiveness of this technique, we conducted vegetation surveys in areas that were hydro-leveled and in non-hydro-leveled areas 3 years post-project. Adult Schinus were reduced but not eliminated from hydro-leveled mounds. Schinus seedlings however were absent from hydro-leveled sites. Colonization by native species was sparse. Mangrove seedlings were essentially absent (≈2 m⁻²) from the centers of hydro-leveled mounds and were in low density on their edges (17 m⁻²) in comparison to surrounding mangrove forests (105 m⁻²). Hydro-leveling resulted in mortality of mangroves adjacent to the mounds being leveled. This was probably caused by burial of pneumatophores during the hydro-leveling process. For hydro-leveling to be a useful and successful restoration technique several requirements must be met. Spoil mounds must be lowered to the level of the surrounding wetlands. Spoil must be distributed further into the adjacent wetland to prevent burial of nearby native vegetation. Finally, native species may need to be planted on hydro-leveled areas to speed up the re-vegetation process.     

胶州湾污染物COD的三维扩散与输运研究

笔者较系统地对环胶州湾工业污染源、生活污染源和海水养殖污染源进行收集和分析,给出影响胶州湾海域环境的主要污染源强的大小及分布;在三维潮流模拟的基础上,建立了一个三维保守污染物COD输运的对流扩散数值模型;模拟所得的COD污染物分布结果与胶州湾的实际监测资料符合良好。      

EFFECTS OF LAND COVER AND GEOLOGY ON STREAM CHEMISTRY IN WATERSHEDS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY1

ABSTRACT: We measured the base‐flow stream chemistry in all the major physiographic provinces of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin. The spatial variation of stream chemistry was closely related to differences in geology and land cover among the sampled watersheds. Some stream chemistry variables were strongly affected by geological settings in the watersheds while others were more influenced by land cover. The effects of land cover differed among chemical constituents and regions. Concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, pH, total alkalinity, and conductivity were mainly functions of carbonate bedrock, especially in the Great Valley. Nitrate‐N and total dissolved N were closely related to cropland and increased as the percentage of cropland increased. The rate of increase varied from region to region with the highest in the Piedmont. Na⁺ and Cl^? were mainly affected by the percentage of developed area in a watershed, especially in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. We observed no significant effects of region or land cover on species of phosphorus because samples were collected under base flow conditions and only dissolved forms were measured. Dissolved silicate (DSi) was not related to any other water chemistry variables. DSi increased as developed area decreased and cropland increased in the Coastal Plain, but these patterns were reversed in the Piedmont. There was no consistent pattern in the spatial variation of land cover effects on the reduced forms of N, dissolved organic P, dissolved organic matter, and K⁺.     

美加跨境大气污染防控合作体制机制对粤港澳大湾区的启示

加强区域大气污染联防联控、加快改善空气质量、早日对标世界先进水平是粤港澳大湾区生态环境建设的重要任务。本文总结了美国和加拿大的跨境大气污染防控合作体制机制建设方面的经验，基于粤港澳大湾区"一国两制三法域"特征下的区域大气污染协同防控需求和不足，从建立区域性权威管理机构和技术支撑机构，联合开展跨界科研、中长期政策制定和实施情况跟踪评估等方面提出深化粤港澳大湾区区域大气污染防控合作体制机制建设，进一步推进区域大气污染协同改善的策略建议，为粤港澳大湾区的大气污染防治提供借鉴。     

厦门西港沉积物中多环芳烃的垂直分布特征与污染追踪

采用气相色谱对厦门西港1号站和5号站柱状沉积物样中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行分离鉴定,结果显示,16种多环芳烃含量的垂直分布范围为158～337ng/g,半定量后的ΣPAHs分布为1.1～6.0μg/g。5号站（位于港湾内）较1号站（位于港口外围区）受PAHs沾污严重,但相比于世界上靠城市的近岸港口,污染则较轻微。厦门西港PAHs主要来源于油类污染及城市工业、生活污水的排放     

太湖梅梁湾有色可溶性有机物对光的吸收

探讨了太湖梅梁湾不同湖区有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)对光的吸收、光衰减系数的变化及与DOC浓度的关系、CDOM吸收对光衰减系数的贡献率以及指数函数曲线斜率S值.结果表明,不同类型湖区CDOM吸收系数差异明显,a_d(440)、a_d(320)的变化范围分别为1.22～2.58m^-1,6.24～10.69m^-1;DOC浓度最高值出现在梁溪河口,为12.74mg/L,最低值出现梅梁湾口,为6.87mg/L,大致呈由湾内向湾口逐渐递减的趋势;DOC与CDOM吸收系数在波长320nm以下存在显著性相关,波长320～700nm CDOM吸收对光衰减系数的贡献率在0.69%～60.9%间变化,400nm以下紫外短光部分贡献率均大于20%,空间上短波部分贡献率在河口区、五里湖比梅梁湾内及沿岸带要大;CDOM吸收的指数函数曲线斜率S在13.9～18.1m^-1间.